research methods in psychology exam

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**textbook:Research Methods in Psychology: Investigating Human Behavior

Front Cover Paul G. Nestor, Russell K. Schutt

In “It Takes Biking to Learn: Physical Activity Improves Learning a Second Language”, Liu et al. (2017) randomly assigned 40 college-age Chinese men and women who were trying to learn English to control and experimental groups. Both groups attended eight instructional classes, but participants assigned to the experimental group rode exercise bikes at a gentle pace in class (approximately 60 percent of their maximum heart rate) for 20 minutes while learning. Liu et al (2017) showed higher rates of learning on a post-test of English vocabulary and sentence comprehension for Chinese students randomly assigned to the exercise (experimental/treatment) group.

1) What is the independent variable?

A. Post-test performance

B. Instructional classes

C. Exercise, non-exercise

D. English, Chinese

In “It Takes Biking to Learn: Physical Activity Improves Learning a Second Language”, Liu et al. (2017) randomly assigned 40 college-age Chinese men and women who were trying to learn English to control and experimental groups. Both groups attended eight instructional classes, but participants assigned to the experimental group rode exercise bikes at a gentle pace in class (approximately 60 percent of their maximum heart rate) for 20 minutes while learning. Liu et al (2017) showed higher rates of learning on a post-test of English vocabulary and sentence comprehension for Chinese students randomly assigned to the exercise (experimental/treatment) group.

2) What is the dependent variable?

A. English, Chinese

B. Exercise, non-exercise

C. Post-test performance

D. Instructional classes

In “It Takes Biking to Learn: Physical Activity Improves Learning a Second Language”, Liu et al. (2017) randomly assigned 40 college-age Chinese men and women who were trying to learn English to control and experimental groups. Both groups attended eight instructional classes, but participants assigned to the experimental group rode exercise bikes at a gentle pace in class (approximately 60 percent of their maximum heart rate) for 20 minutes while learning. Liu et al (2017) showed higher rates of learning on a post-test of English vocabulary and sentence comprehension for Chinese students randomly assigned to the exercise (experimental/treatment) group.

3) In creating control and experimental group, the researchers used a

A. Within-subjects allocation of participants

B. Between-subjects allocation of participants

C. Counterbalancing of the eight instructional classes

D. All of the above

In “It Takes Biking to Learn: Physical Activity Improves Learning a Second Language”, Liu et al. (2017) randomly assigned 40 college-age Chinese men and women who were trying to learn English to control and experimental groups. Both groups attended eight instructional classes, but participants assigned to the experimental group rode exercise bikes at a gentle pace in class (approximately 60 percent of their maximum heart rate) for 20 minutes while learning. Liu et al (2017) showed higher rates of learning on a post-test of English vocabulary and sentence comprehension for Chinese students randomly assigned to the exercise (experimental/treatment) group.

4) They used random assignment to

A. recruit participants

B. equate control and experimental groups before treatment

C. insure control and experimental groups were different before treatment

D. all of the above

In “It Takes Biking to Learn: Physical Activity Improves Learning a Second Language”, Liu et al. (2017) randomly assigned 40 college-age Chinese men and women who were trying to learn English to control and experimental groups. Both groups attended eight instructional classes, but participants assigned to the experimental group rode exercise bikes at a gentle pace in class (approximately 60 percent of their maximum heart rate) for 20 minutes while learning. Liu et al (2017) showed higher rates of learning on a post-test of English vocabulary and sentence comprehension for Chinese students randomly assigned to the exercise (experimental/treatment) group.

5) The researchers should use a _________ to control for pre-existing differences between control and experimental groups

A. pre-test

B. within-subjects design

C. between-subjects design

D. post-test

In “It Takes Biking to Learn: Physical Activity Improves Learning a Second Language”, Liu et al. (2017) randomly assigned 40 college-age Chinese men and women who were trying to learn English to control and experimental groups. Both groups attended eight instructional classes, but participants assigned to the experimental group rode exercise bikes at a gentle pace in class (approximately 60 percent of their maximum heart rate) for 20 minutes while learning. Liu et al (2017) showed higher rates of learning on a post-test of English vocabulary and sentence comprehension for Chinese students randomly assigned to the exercise (experimental/treatment) group

6) In the Liu et al study, the null hypothesis is

A. Exercise is always good, no matter what

B. Vocabulary tests are invalid

C. The exercise group will score significantly higher than the control group

D. Both groups will achieve similar posttest scores

In “It Takes Biking to Learn: Physical Activity Improves Learning a Second Language”, Liu et al. (2017) randomly assigned 40 college-age Chinese men and women who were trying to learn English to control and experimental groups. Both groups attended eight instructional classes, but participants assigned to the experimental group rode exercise bikes at a gentle pace in class (approximately 60 percent of their maximum heart rate) for 20 minutes while learning. Liu et al (2017) showed higher rates of learning on a post-test of English vocabulary and sentence comprehension for Chinese students randomly assigned to the exercise (experimental/treatment) group.

7) In the Liu et al. study, the research hypothesis is

A. Exercise is always good, no matter what

B. The exercise group will score significantly higher than the control group

C. Both groups will achieve similar posttest scores

D. Vocabulary tests are invalid

In “It Takes Biking to Learn: Physical Activity Improves Learning a Second Language”, Liu et al. (2017) randomly assigned 40 college-age Chinese men and women who were trying to learn English to control and experimental groups. Both groups attended eight instructional classes, but participants assigned to the experimental group rode exercise bikes at a gentle pace in class (approximately 60 percent of their maximum heart rate) for 20 minutes while learning. Liu et al (2017) showed higher rates of learning on a post-test of English vocabulary and sentence comprehension for Chinese students randomly assigned to the exercise (experimental/treatment) group.

8) Liu et al. study demonstrated that the control and experimental groups differed significantly (p<.05). The researchers therefore:

A. Accepted the null hypothesis

B. All of the above

C. Rejected the research hypothesis

D. Rejected the null hypothesis

In “It Takes Biking to Learn: Physical Activity Improves Learning a Second Language”, Liu et al. (2017) randomly assigned 40 college-age Chinese men and women who were trying to learn English to control and experimental groups. Both groups attended eight instructional classes, but participants assigned to the experimental group rode exercise bikes at a gentle pace in class (approximately 60 percent of their maximum heart rate) for 20 minutes while learning. Liu et al (2017) showed higher rates of learning on a post-test of English vocabulary and sentence comprehension for Chinese students randomly assigned to the exercise (experimental/treatment) group.

9) Liu et al. study demonstrated that the control and experimental groups differed significantly (p<.05). This means:

A. Less than 5% chance of a Type 1 error

B. Less than 5% chance of a Type 2 error

C. Greater than 5% chance of a Type 2 error

D. Results are likely due to chance

In “It Takes Biking to Learn: Physical Activity Improves Learning a Second Language”, Liu et al. (2017) randomly assigned 40 college-age Chinese men and women who were trying to learn English to control and experimental groups. Both groups attended eight instructional classes, but participants assigned to the experimental group rode exercise bikes at a gentle pace in class (approximately 60 percent of their maximum heart rate) for 20 minutes while learning. Liu et al (2017) showed higher rates of learning on a post-test of English vocabulary and sentence comprehension for Chinese students randomly assigned to the exercise (experimental/treatment) group.

10) Liu et al. concluded that aerobic exercise improves learning through neural plasticity. This is an example of a

A. Null hypothesis

B. Research hypothesis

C. Theoretical explanation

D. None of the above

11) For an interaction effect in a 2 x 2 design, researchers will often

A. Graph the main effects

B. Compute scores from each independent variable separately

C. Graph the simple main effects

D. Compute the sum of all scores on the dependent variable

12) You want to compare school grades of children before Hurricane Katrina and grades of the same children after Katrina. What is your independent variable?

A. Age of children

B. Post-test grades

C. Exposure to Hurricane Katrina

D. Type of school

13) Which of the following statement best describes natural treatments and subject variables?

A. Both are independent variables used in true experiments

B. Both are dependent variables used in true experiments

C. Both are independent variables used in quasi-experiments

D. Both are dependent variables used in quasi-experiments

14) You have a 2 x2 x 2 multifactorial design. How many main effects will you test?

A. Eight

B. Two

C. Three

D. Six

15) You have a 2×3 multifactorial design. How many independent variables do you have?

A. Six

B. Three

C. Two

D. Eight

16) In a 2 x 3 x 4 multifactorial design, you have ________ dependent variable(s).

A. Two

B. One

C. Twenty four

D. Three

17) You use inferential statistics as a direct test of the ________ hypothesis.

A. Null

B. Research

C. Alternative

D. All of the above

18) An experimenter aims to reject the _______ hypothesis

A. Null

B. Research

C. Alternative

D. All of the above

19) An experimenter aims to accept the ________ hypothesis.

A. Null

B. Research

C. Alternative

D. All of the above

20) You mistakenly rejected the null hypothesis. You have made a________ error

A. Type 1

B. Type 2

C. Methodological

D. All of the above

21) You mistakenly accepted the null hypothesis. You have made a________ error

A. Type 1

B. Type 2

C. Methodological

D. All of the above

22) In a randomized clinical trial of a new drug, a researcher committed a Type 1 error: This means the researcher

A. Made a mistake in selecting participants

B. Mistakenly concluded that the new drug and placebo did not differ

C. Mistakenly concluded that the new drug and placebo differed

D. All of the above

23) In a randomized clinical trial of a new drug, a researcher committed a Type 2 error: This means the researcher

A. Made a mistake in selecting participants

B. Mistakenly concluded that the new drug and placebo did not differ

C. Mistakenly concluded that the new drug and placebo differed

D. All of the above

24) You set the statistical level to p<.05. This means that there is a

A. Less than 5% chance of committing a Type 1 error

B. 95% chance of committing a Type 2 error

C. About a 50/50 chance of committing either a Type 1 or Type 2 error

D. All of the above

25) A researcher chooses a single-factorial design:

A. To examine the effects of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable

B. To examine the effects of one independent variable on a dependent variable

C. To examine the effects of the interaction of the independent variable on the dependent variable

D. All of the above

26) A researcher chooses a multifactorial design:

A. To examine the effects of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable

B. To examine the effects of one independent variable on a dependent variable

C. To examine the effects of the correlation of the independent variable and the dependent variable

D. All of the above

27) You test a main effect for each _________variable.

A. Independent

B. Intervening

C. Dependent

D. Control

28) In a 2x2x3 design, there are _______ conditions.

A. 6

B. 3

C. 12

D. 9

29) In a 2×2 design, you test for _______ interaction(s).

A. 0

B. 4

C. 1

D. 2

30) _______ interaction(s) can be a tested in a single-factor experiment.

A. One

B. Three

C. Zero

D. Two

31) In a 2×2 between-subjects design, you randomly assign 50 participants to each condition. What is the size of your sample?

a. 100

b. 200

c. 50

d. 150

32) In a 2x 2 x 2 within-subjects design, 50 participants received all conditions. What is the size of your sample?

A. 150

B. 200

C. 300

D. 50

33) The group of participants who receive no treatment or training is called the___________

A. Control group

B. Investigatory group

C. Experimental group

D. Treatment group

34) You use a line graph to plot the results of your 2 x 2 multifactorial study. You would plot

A. Row means

B. Overall mean

C. Column means

D. Simple main effects

35) If you aim to investigate the effects of a subject variable, such as age, gender, or diagnosis on a dependent variable, you would use a:

A. Small-n

B. Quasi-experiment

C. Latin-square design

D. True experiment

36) Research participants are selected on the basis of a reported history of childhood abuse, and then compared with participants without a history of childhood abuse on a measure of depression. This is an example of a ___________design.

A. Within-subjects

B. True-experimental

C. Quasi-experimental

D. Multifactorial

37) Participants are selected on the basis of some particular characteristics and compared with participants who do not have that particular characteristic. This is an example of a ___________ design

A. Multifactorial

B. True experimental

C. Non-equivalent control group

D. All of the above

38) You designed a multifactorial experiment, “Health Habits in College Students”. You want to examine two kinds of exercise and two types of diet on weight loss. What is the dependent variable?

A. Weight by Diet

B. Exercise

C. Diet

D. Weight

39) In your multifactorial experiment, “Health Habits in College Students,” your factors are:

A. 2 Levels of Weights

B. Weight, Exercise

C. Exercise, Diet

D. Weight, Diet

40) In your multifactorial experiment, “Health Habits in College Students,” exercise and diet are the

A. Independent variables

B. Quasi-control variables

C. Dependent variables

D. Control variables

41) You randomly assign research participants to one of 4 groups: Diet1/Exercise1; Diet2/Exercise1; Diet1/Exercise2; and Diet2/Exercise2. This allocation of research participants is an example of a:

A. Single-factor experiment

B. Within-subjects design

C. Dependent variable

D. Between-subjects design

42) A post-test measure is used as a:

A. Independent variable

B. Intervening variable

C. Dependent variable

D. Control variable

43) With a 2 x 2 multi-factorial design, you can calculate the following:

A. Four main effect and two interaction effects

B. Two main effects and one interaction effect

C. Four main effects and four interaction effects

D. Three main effects and two interaction effects

44) A before-and-after design helps to control for:

A. Measurement error

B. Individual differences

C. Statistical error

D. None of the above

45) A graph of a two-way interaction is best described

A. Two parallel lines

B. Two intersecting lines

C. Four parallel lines

D. Four intersecting lines

46) A 2×2 interaction effect occurs

A. When the simple main effects are similar across both levels of the independent variable

B. When the effects of one independent variable depend on the level of the other independent variable.

C. When each independent variable has an independent effect on the dependent variable

D. All of the above

47) When researchers are studying differences between soldiers who have been to Iraq and those who have not, the researchers are studying the effects of

A. Manipulated variables

B. Subject variables

C. Convenience variables

D. Experimental variables

48) _______________ can be used to check the effectiveness of random assignment in creating control and treatment groups

A. Pre-test

B. Manipulation check

C. Paired t-test

D. Post-test

49) _________ is the main reason for conducting the study, yet it cannot be tested directly

A. Level of significance

B. Null hypothesis

C. Research hypothesis

D. Experimental control

50) __________ is commonly used to analyze data collected in psychological experiments.

A. Research hypothesis significance testing

B. Null hypothesis significance testing

C. Alternative hypothesis significance testing

D. Negative hypothesis significance testing

51) In a 2 x 2 multifactorial design, _________________ occurs when the influence of the independent variable differs depending on the level of the second independent variable.

A. effect size

B. simple main effect

C. main effect

D. interaction effect

52) In a 2×2 multifactorial design, plot these values to see if there is a visual indication of an interaction.

A. Row means

B. Column means

C. Main effects

D. Simple main effects

53) __________ are the mean values for each of the conditions in a 2 x 2 multifactorial experiment.

A. Simple main effects

B. Main effects

C. Standard deviations

D. Interaction effects

54) __________ a threat to internal validity when participants are matched on the basis of pre-test scores.

A. Design sensitivity

B. Attrition

C. Regression to the mean

D. Random assignment

55) ______________ is a research design strategy that selects a control group that is similar to the treatment group in the distribution of key variables, such as age, education, and gender

A. Individual matching

B. Non-probability sampling

C. Aggregate matching

D. Random assignment

56) ___________is a threat to internal validity when pre-existing characteristics of participants influence the formation of treatment and control groups

A. Selection bias

B. Heuristic bias

C. Response bias

D. Item bias

57) ___________ is a type of independent variable that is used when exposures to events, situations, or settings that emanate from the “real world” define how participants are selected.

A. Natural treatment

B. All of the above

C. Diagnosis

D. Subject variable

58) ________ design is when experimental and control groups are not created by random assignment but are selected on the basis of a subject variable or natural treatment

A. Before-and-after

B. Non-equivalent control group

C. Ex-post facto control group

D. Latin-squares

59) _________is a research design strategy in which individuals in the control group are selected on the basis of some characteristics of individuals in the treatment group that if uncontrolled could confound results

A. Aggregate matching

B. Individual matching

C. Non-probability sampling

D. Random assignment

60) In a _________ design, groups are compared at one point in time.

A. cross-sectional

B. longitudinal

C. time series

D. None of the above

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